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Turkey has been a secular state since it was founded by Mustafa Kemal Pasha in 1923. He introduced the secularization of the state in the Turkish Constitution of 1924, alongside Atatürk's Reforms. These were in accordance with the Kemalist Ideology, with a strict appliance of laicite in the constitution. Atatürk saw headscarves as an obstacle to his campaign to secularize and modernize the new Turkish Republic. The issue of the headscarf debate has been very intense and controversial since its ban, along with other prominent religious symbols, in public buildings such as government institutions and public schools, similar to policies in France and Mexico.〔(BBC - BBC News - In Depth - Turkey: Battle of the headscarf - By Roger Hardy (Islamic affairs analyst) )〕 Turkey is a secular country and over 95% of its people are Muslims.〔(CIA World Factbook - Turkey - People (Religion) )〕 It has resulted in a clash between those favouring the secular principles of the state, such as the Turkish Armed Forces, who form a minority of the population, and religious conservatives as well as Islamists, who form a majority of the population. == Banning of headscarves == With a constitutional principle of official secularism, the Turkish government has traditionally banned women who wear headscarves from working in the public sector. The ban applies to teachers, lawyers, parliamentarians and others working on state premises. The ban on headscarves in the civil service and educational and political institutions was expanded to cover non-state institutions. Female lawyers and journalists who refused to comply with the ban were expelled from public buildings such as courtrooms and universities.〔(Turkey: Situation of women who wear headscarves, UNHCR )〕 In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the number of university students wearing headscarves increased substantially and in 1984, the first widespread application of headscarf ban came into effect at the universities, but throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the ban was not uniformly enforced and many students were able to graduate. The headscarf ban in public spaces, including schools and universities (public and private), courts of law, government offices and other official institutions, is only for students, workers and public servants. Hence, mothers of pupils or visitors have no problems at all entering the primary schools, but they would not be able to work as teachers. Similarly, at the courts of law, the ban only involves judges, attorneys, lawyers and other workers. Wearing headscarves in photos on official documents like licenses, passports, and university enrollment documents is also prohibited. Universities and schools refused registering women students unless they submit ID photographs with bared hair and neck.〔(THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIST MOVEMENT IN TURKEY )〕 A regulation in, 16 July 1982 specified that: ''the clothing and appearances of personnel working at public institutions; the rule that female civil servants' head must be uncovered''. An interpretation of this law in 1997 extended the ban to the wearing of headscarves in all universities in Turkey.〔(Turkey eases ban on headscarves )〕 The debate over headscarves in universities has been the most contentious of all and has been an important element in the politics of Turkey since 2000.〔(Turkey divided over headscarf ban )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Headscarf controversy in Turkey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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